Keiko

Guide · 8 min read

Japanese Verb Conjugation Chart: 7 Forms of 20 Core Verbs

Japanese verbs are famously regular — no gendered endings, no subject agreement, and only two truly irregular verbs in the whole language. Master a handful of patterns and you can conjugate anything. This chart gives the seven most useful forms of the 20 verbs every beginner needs, followed by the rules that generate them.

The seven forms (and when you use them)

FormUseExample(たべる)
Dictionaryplain present / future; how verbs are listed
ます formpolite present / future
て formrequests, linking actions, ongoing (〜ている)
た formplain past; experience (〜たことがある)
ない formplain negative; obligation (〜なければならない)
Potentialcan do
Volitionallet's / I'll (intention)

The full conjugation chart — 20 core verbs

VerbMeaningますないPotentialVolitional
to do
to come
to eat
to drink
to see / to watch
to go
to write
to read
to speak / to talk
to listen / to ask
to get up / to wake up
to sleep / to go to bed
to return / to go home
to buy
to wait
to know
to end / to finish
to begin / to start
to use
to play / to hang out

The rules behind the chart

Group 2 (る-verbs): drop る, attach

Verbs like , , , conjugate by simply replacing : +. If a verb ends in -iru or -eru, it's probably (not always — see and below) this group.

Group 1 (う-verbs): slide along the kana row

Verbs like , , , change their final kana's vowel: — the m is constant, the vowel walks the chart. The て/た forms contract by sound: , , , . That's why but . Watch the trap verbs: (to return) and (to know) look like る-verbs but conjugate as Group 1 — the chart above shows , not かえます.

The two irregulars: する and くる

(to do) and (to come) follow no pattern — , . The consolation: they're the two most frequent verbs in the language, so exposure memorizes them for you. And since attaches to hundreds of nouns (, ), learning its seven forms instantly conjugates that entire vocabulary.

Drill them into your fingers

Conjugation knowledge has a failure mode: you know the rule but stall for two seconds mid-sentence. The fix is production practice — and typing is production at its purest. Typing after seeing "te-form of のむ" runs the rule at finger speed; 140 reps later (20 verbs × 7 forms), the chart above isn't something you consult — it's something your hands know.

Verb ConjugationPut this guide into your fingers — free in your browser.Practice now →
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